Chapter 1
The Chemistry of Life
1 The Biochemical Nature of the Cell
2 The Role of Water
3 Organic Molecules
4 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
6 Polysaccharides
7 Amino Acids
8 Proteins
9 Modification of Proteins
10 Packaging Macromolecules
11 Nucleic Acids
12 Lipids
13 Biochemical Tests
14 Plant and Animal Cellular Organelles
15 Review of Cell Ultrastructure
17 The Role of Membranes in Cells
18 Enzymes
19 How Enzymes Work
20 Enzyme Reaction Rates
21 Cofactors and Inhibitors
23 Catalase Activity in Germinating Seeds
Chapter 2
Cellular Energetics
25 The Role of ATP in Cells
26 ATP and Energy
27 ATP Production in Cells
28 The Biochemistry of Respiration
29 Chemiosmosis
30 Anaerobic Pathways
31 Investigating Yeast Fermentation
32 Photosynthesis
33 Chloroplasts
34 Pigments and Light Absorption
35 Light Dependent Reactions
36 Light Independent Reactions
37 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Chapter 3
Cell Signalling and Homeostasis
40 Maintaining Homeostasis
41 Detecting Changing States
42 Negative Feedback
43 Positive Feedback
44 Types of Cell Signalling
45 Signals and Signal Cascades
46 Signal Transduction
48 Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death
49 Cancer
50 Pheromones
51 Hormonal Regulation
52 The Endocrine System
53 Control of Blood Glucose
54 Nervous Regulatory Systems
55 Neurones and Neurotransmitters
56 Transmission of Nerve Impulses
57 Neurohormones
58 Chemical Synapses
60 The Physiology of Vision
61 Auxins, Gibberellins, and ABA
62 Plant Hormones as Signal Molecules
65 Acid-Base Balance
66 Blood Clotting
67 Thermoregulation in Mammals
68 The Physiology of the Kidney
69 Control of Urine Output
71 Renal Dialysis
72 Kidney Transplants
Chapter 4
The Nature of Pathogens
75 Transmission of Disease
76 Patterns of Disease
77 Bacterial Diseases
78 Cholera
79 Tuberculosis
80 Fungal Diseases
81 Protistan Diseases
82 Malaria
83 Viral Diseases
84 HIV and AIDS
85 Replication in HIV
86 Human Viral Diseases
87 Animal Viral Diseases
88 Prions
89 Antimicrobial Drugs
90 Containing the Spread of Disease
Chapter 5
Defence and the Immune System
91 Chemical Defences in Animals
93 Blood Group Antigens
94 The Body's Defences
95 The Action of Phagocytes
96 Inflammation
97 Fever
98 The Lymphatic System
99 The Immune System
100 Clonal Selection
101 Antibodies
102 Acquired Immunity
103 Vaccines and Vaccination
104 Monoclonal Antibodies
105 Herceptin: A Modern Monoclonal
106 Autoimmune Diseases
107 Allergies and Hypersensitivity
108 Plant Defences
Chapter 6
DNA and the Genetic Code
111 Genomes
112 Prokaryotic Chromosomes
113 Plasmid DNA
114 Eukaryote Chromosome Structure
115 Karyotypes
117 DNA Molecules
118 Creating a DNA Model
119 RNA Molecules
120 DNA Carries the Code
121 The Genetic Code
122 Genes to Proteins
123 Transcription in Eukaryotes
124 Post Transcriptional Modification
125 Translation
126 Protein Synthesis Summary
Chapter 7
Cell Division
128 DNA Replication
129 Enzyme Control of DNA Replication
130 Meselson and Stahl's Experiment
131 Modelling DNA Replication
132 Binary Fission
133 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
134 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
135 Stem Cells and Cell Differentiation
136 Meiosis
137 Crossing Over Problems
139 Mitosis vs Meiosis
Chapter 8
Gene Technology
141 A Brief History of Human Genetic Research
142 What is Genetic Modification?
143 Applications of GMOs
144 Making Recombinant DNA
145 Gel Electrophoresis
148 DNA Amplification Using PCR
149 DNA Profiling using PCR
150 Forensic Applications of DNA Profiling
152 Genome Projects
153 Automated DNA Sequencing
154 The Human Genome Project
155 Preparing a Gene for Cloning
156 In Vivo Gene Cloning
157 Using Recombinant Bacteria
158 Insulin Production
159 Genetically Modified Food Plants
160 Food for the Masses
161 The Ethics of GMO Technology
Chapter 9
Regulation of Gene Expression
163 Cellular Differentiation
164 Homeotic Genes and Development
165 The Timing of Development
166 Mutations and Development
167 Controlling Gene Expression
168 Defective Gene Regulation in Cancer
Chapter 10
Inheritance
170 Sources of Variation
171 Gene-Environment Interactions
172 Gene Mutations
173 Sickle Cell Mutation
174 Cystic Fibrosis Mutation
175 Chromosome Mutations
176 Gene Duplication and Evolution
177 Non-disjunction in Meiosis
178 Aneuploidy in Humans
179 Mendel's Pea Plant Experiments
180 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
181 Describing Alleles
182 Basic Genetic Crosses
183 The Test Cross
184 Monohybrid Cross
185 Problems Involving Monohybrid Inheritance
186 Codominance
187 Codominance in Multiple Allele Systems
188 Lethal Alleles
189 Dihybrid Cross
190 Inheritance of Linked Genes
191 Recombination and Dihybrid Inheritance
192 Detecting Linkage in Dihybrid Crosses
193 Problems Involving Dihybrid Inheritance
194 Non-Nuclear Inheritance
195 DNA Methylation
196 Sex Determination
197 Sex Linked Genes
198 Inheritance Patterns
199 Polygenes
200 Pedigree Analysis
Chapter 11
Population Genetics
203 The Modern Theory of Evolution
204 Mechanism of Natural Selection
205 Gene Pool Exercise
206 Gene Pools and Evolution
207 Changes in a Gene Pool
208 Types of Natural Selection
209 Adaptation and Fitness
210 Selection for Skin Colour in Humans
211 Directional Selection in Darwin's Finches
212 Disruptive Selection in Darwin's Finches
213 Directional Selection in Moths
214 Selection for Human Birth Weight
215 Heterozygous Advantage
216 The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
217 Insecticide Resistance
218 Antigenic Variability in Pathogens
219 The Founder Effect
220 Genetic Bottlenecks
221 Genetic Drift
Chapter 12
The Evidence for Evolution
223 Descent and Common Ancestry
224 Homologous DNA Sequences
225 Homologous Proteins
226 Homologous Structures
227 Developmental Evidence for Evolution
228 The Evolution of Horses
229 Oceanic Island Colonisers
230 Relative Dating and the Fossil Record
231 Continental Drift and Evolution
Chapter 13
Evolution
232 The Biological Species Concept
233 The Phylogenetic Species Concept
234 Isolation and Species Formation
235 Reproductive Isolation
236 Allopatric Speciation
237 Sympatric Speciation
240 Patterns of Evolution
242 Adaptive Radiation in Mammals
243 Convergent Evolution
245 The Rate of Evolutionary Change
246 Extinction
Chapter 14
Human Evolution
248 Primate Classification
249 General Primate Characteristics
250 The Primate Hand
251 Dating a Fossil Site
252 Recognising a Human Fossil
255 Hominin Evolution
256 The Origin of Modern Humans
257 The Dispersal of Modern Humans
258 The Importance of Ardi
259 Trends in Dentition
260 Bipedalism and Nakedness
261 Adaptations for Bipedalism
262 A Controversy in Human Evolution
263 Trends in Brain Volume
264 Cultural Evolution
265 Palaeolithic Tool Cultures
267 Fire
268 Shelter and Clothing
269 Art and Spirituality
270 Mesolithic Culture
271 Neolithic Culture
Chapter 15
Human Intervention in Evolution
273 Selective Breeding in Animals
275 Selective Breeding in Crop Plants
276 Breeding Modern Wheat
278 Gene Therapy
280 Stem Cell Therapy
281 Using Stem Cells to Treat Disease